What causes it
Black mould patches on a ceiling — particularly in bathrooms, kitchens, and around vents — are almost always caused by condensation rather than a roof leak. Steamy rooms produce large volumes of warm, moist air that rises and condenses on the cooler ceiling surface, especially over an unheated loft. Without effective extraction, the air stays humid for hours after a bath or cooking session, giving mould spores ideal conditions to germinate. Properties with poor loft insulation suffer worst, since the ceiling itself runs colder than the rest of the room.